The Post-Injectables Skincare Blueprint: What to Use (and Avoid) After Fillers and Toxin

The Post-Injectables Skincare Blueprint: What to Use (and Avoid) After Fillers and Toxin

By Alice Henshaw, RN, NMP, Founder of SKIN|CYCLES and Harley Street Injectables

This article is written for educational purposes by a qualified nurse prescriber and aesthetic injector. It is not a substitute for personalised medical advice or post-treatment guidance from your own practitioner. Post-injectable care may vary depending on the products used, the areas treated, and your individual skin and health history. If you experience unusual symptoms after any injectable treatment, contact your treating practitioner immediately. The products referenced throughout this article are formulations I developed as the founder of SKIN|CYCLES. I am not a neutral reviewer, but I will explain exactly why I recommend each product in this context.

Key Takeaways

  • Your skin is temporarily compromised after injectables. Every needle creates a micro-puncture that leaves the barrier vulnerable to irritation, infection, and sensitivity for 24 to 72 hours.
  • The first 48 hours are about one thing: minimal disruption. Gentle cleanser, hydrating mask, SPF. Nothing else.
  • Days 3 to 7 are the stabilisation window. The skin is settling, swelling is resolving, and you can gradually introduce hydrating serums, barrier-support moisturisers, and nightly masks.
  • Active ingredients (retinol, glycolic acid, vitamin C at clinical strength) should not touch your skin for at least one to two weeks after treatment, depending on the injectable and the area treated.
  • SPF is the single most important product in your post-injectable routine. UV exposure accelerates the breakdown of both collagen and hyaluronic acid filler, directly undermining the results you have just paid for.
  • What you put on your skin in the days and weeks after treatment can meaningfully extend or shorten the life of your results.

I spend most of my professional life putting needles into people's faces. And one of the things that has always frustrated me is the gap between how much thought goes into the treatment itself and how little goes into what happens to the skin afterwards.

At my clinic on Harley Street, we plan every injectable treatment down to the fraction of a millilitre. The product, the depth, the plane, the anatomy, the aesthetic goal. All of it is deliberate, precise, and considered. Then the client walks out of the door and goes home to a bathroom cabinet full of products that could actively work against everything we have just done.

I am not exaggerating. I have seen beautifully executed filler results compromised by a client who applied a 20% glycolic peel the same evening. I have watched Botox settle unevenly because someone lay face-down in a hot yoga class two hours after their appointment. I have had clients come back with irritation, prolonged swelling, or pigmentation that could have been avoided entirely with the right post-treatment routine.

This is the article I wish I could hand to every single person who sits in my treatment chair. Not a vague list of "dos and don'ts," but a proper, day-by-day protocol for looking after your skin in the hours, days, and weeks after injectables, written by someone who administers these treatments every day and formulates skincare specifically designed to work with them, not against them.

Why Your Skin Needs a Different Routine After Injectables

Before I walk you through the protocol, it helps to understand why your skin is in a different state after fillers or toxin than it is on a normal day.

Every injectable treatment, whether it is Botox, dermal filler, polynucleotides, or a biostimulator, involves a needle or cannula entering the skin multiple times. Each entry point is a micro-wound. It is tiny, yes, but it is a genuine break in the skin's barrier1Skin barrierThe stratum corneum and its lipid matrix, shielding against bacteria and irritants., the outermost layer (the stratum corneum2Stratum corneumThe outermost epidermal layer forming the skin's primary physical barrier.) that normally acts as a shield against bacteria, pollution, UV radiation, and the active ingredients in your skincare.

When that barrier is broken, even at a microscopic level, three things change. And all three matter more than most aftercare leaflets would have you believe.

First, your skin becomes more permeable. This sounds technical but the practical implication is simple: ingredients that would normally sit on the surface or absorb slowly suddenly penetrate deeper and faster than intended. Fine if the ingredient is a gentle hydrator. Not fine at all if it is a glycolic acid at 10% or a retinoid that your skin usually tolerates perfectly well but cannot handle right now because the front door is essentially hanging off its hinges.

Second, inflammation increases. Your immune system recognises the needle punctures as tiny injuries and sends blood flow and healing cells to the area. This is a normal, healthy response, and it is partly why you see redness, warmth, and mild swelling after treatment. But applying irritating ingredients on top of an already-inflamed skin only amplifies the reaction, leading to prolonged redness, sensitivity, or even contact dermatitis3Contact dermatitisSkin inflammation triggered by direct contact with an irritant or allergen..

Third, your skin is more vulnerable to UV damage. Inflamed, barrier-compromised skin is significantly less able to defend itself against ultraviolet radiation. Research published in Clinical Interventions in Aging has established that UV irradiation impairs the TGF-beta signalling pathway in human skin, reducing collagen synthesis and upregulating matrix metalloproteinases4MMPsMatrix metalloproteinases: enzymes that actively break down collagen in the dermis. (MMPs), the enzymes that actively break down collagen. If you have just had filler placed to restore volume, or Botox to smooth lines that are worsened by collagen loss, unprotected sun exposure is quite literally working against the treatment at a cellular level.

Understanding these three shifts is what makes the difference between a generic aftercare leaflet and a protocol that actually protects your investment.

Day 0 to 2: The Immediate Recovery Window

The first 48 hours after any injectable treatment are about one principle and one principle only: minimal disruption. I tell my clients this in the treatment room and I am going to tell you now in bold letters because it really is that important.

Your skin is inflamed, punctured, and sensitised. The filler or toxin is settling into position. Anything you apply, press, rub, or expose your skin to during this window has the potential to interfere with the result or prolong your recovery.

The rule is simple: do less. Fewer products, less touching, less heat, less everything. I know that feels counterintuitive when you have just invested in a treatment and want to "support" it. But in these first two days, the most supportive thing you can do is get out of your skin's way.

Cleansing: You need to keep the skin clean, but you need to do it gently. No scrubbing, no exfoliating cleansers, no foaming washes that strip the barrier. Use a cream or balm cleanser that dissolves makeup and impurities without friction. The ExoYouth Cleansing Balm is what I recommend to my own clients for this phase: it melts into the skin, breaks down everything on the surface, and rinses away without any pulling or rubbing. Alternatively, the Squalane Cream Cleanser is equally gentle and works beautifully for clients with more reactive or rosacea-prone skin.

The critical point here: use your fingertips, not a cloth. Pat, do not rub. And keep the water lukewarm, not hot. Heat increases blood flow, which increases swelling and can exacerbate bruising.

Hydration and barrier support: Your skin needs moisture, not actives. A simple, barrier-supportive moisturiser is ideal. Bio-Balance is the product I reach for most in this window because it focuses purely on restoring the skin's moisture barrier without introducing any ingredients that could provoke irritation. It is a calming, lipid-rich formula that sits on the skin and lets it heal.

Masking: If there is one product category that earns its place in the first 48 hours, it is a hydrating mask. And I do not mean a clay mask, a peel-off mask, or anything that tightens, pulls, or exfoliates. I mean a gentle, hydrating, barrier-repair mask. The Bio-Cellulose Mask is specifically designed for this moment: it delivers intense hydration through a bio-cellulose sheet that conforms to the contours of the face without any pressure or displacement of product beneath the skin. I use it personally after my own treatments, and I recommend it to virtually every client for the evening of their appointment.

SPF: Non-negotiable from day one. Even if you are staying indoors, even if it is overcast, even if you "never burn." Your skin is compromised, your barrier is down, and UV radiation does not care about your plans. Apply a broad-spectrum SPF 50 every morning. The DNA Defence Sun Shield is formulated specifically to protect barrier-compromised skin without any of the irritating fragrances or chemical filters that can sting freshly treated areas. If you are out and about, the Sun RX Stick is a handy top-up option that you can reapply over makeup without disrupting anything.

What to avoid in this window:

Everything else. Seriously. No retinol, no retinoids, no glycolic acid, no salicylic acid, no vitamin C serums (the low-pH formulations can sting and irritate), no physical exfoliants, no scrubs, no toners with alcohol, no AHAs5AHAsAlpha hydroxy acids: chemical exfoliants such as glycolic and lactic acid., no BHAs6BHAsBeta hydroxy acids: oil-soluble exfoliants such as salicylic acid.. No gua sha, no jade roller, no facial massage tools of any kind. No saunas, no steam rooms, no hot baths, no hot yoga, no strenuous exercise. No lying face-down (if you have had Botox, sleep on your back for the first night). No makeup for at least six hours after treatment, and ideally wait until the next morning.

I know this sounds restrictive. It is meant to. These 48 hours are the highest-risk window for complications, product migration, and prolonged swelling. Keeping things minimal is not conservative. It is clinical.

Your Immediate Recovery Essentials

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Barrier-repair hydration safe for the evening of your treatment.

Day 3 to 7: The Stabilisation Phase

By day three, the acute inflammation has usually settled. The tiny puncture sites have closed. Any initial swelling is resolving, and the filler or toxin is integrating with the tissue. This is where you can start to gently reintroduce some support to your routine, though "gently" remains the operative word.

Hydrating serums: This is the phase where a hyaluronic acid7Hyaluronic acidA naturally occurring molecule that holds up to 1,000x its weight in water. serum becomes genuinely useful, not just as a hydrator but as a support for your results. If you have had hyaluronic acid filler, topical HA draws moisture into the skin and creates a hydration-rich environment around the filler, which can help it settle smoothly and maintain its volume. The 5D HA serum uses five different molecular weights of hyaluronic acid to hydrate at multiple depths of the skin simultaneously, from surface plumping to deep dermal8DermisThe thick middle layer of skin containing collagen, elastin and blood vessels. hydration. It is one of the most useful products you can introduce in this window.

Nightly hydrating masks: From day three onwards, I recommend using a hydrating mask nightly for the remainder of the first week. The Bio-Cellulose Mask remains an excellent choice, or you can alternate with the Eye Matrix Mask if you have had tear trough filler, under-eye Botox, or any treatment around the periorbital9PeriorbitalThe area around the eye socket, including the tear trough and crow's feet. area. The eye area is the thinnest, most delicate skin on your face, and giving it dedicated hydration support during this healing window makes a noticeable difference to how smoothly the results settle.

Barrier-support moisturisers: Continue with your Bio-Balance or introduce the Collagen Renewal Complex if your skin is feeling ready for something richer. The Collagen Renewal Complex contains peptides10PeptidesShort chains of amino acids that signal skin cells to produce collagen. that support the skin's own collagen11CollagenThe main structural protein in the dermis, providing skin firmness. production, which is a useful complement to injectable treatments that are working to restore or stimulate collagen in the deeper layers.

SPF: Still non-negotiable. Still every morning. Still the most important product in your routine. I cannot overstate this. A review published in Clinical Interventions in Aging confirmed that UV exposure upregulates matrix metalloproteinases (specifically MMP-1 and MMP-3) which actively degrade collagen fibres in the dermis. If your treatment was designed to build, support, or protect collagen (and most are), then UV exposure without adequate SPF is working directly against it. This is not a theoretical concern. It is a measurable biochemical process.

What to still avoid: Retinoids12RetinoidsVitamin A derivatives that accelerate cell turnover and collagen production., glycolic acid, salicylic acid, physical exfoliation, facial tools that apply pressure, and intense exercise or heat that causes excessive sweating or facial flushing. Your skin is stabilising. Do not destabilise it.

Hydration That Supports Your Results

Explore 5D HA Serum

Five molecular weights of hyaluronic acid for post-treatment hydration at every depth.

Week 2 and Beyond: Reintroducing Your Full Routine

This is the phase where most people go wrong. And I get it. The skin feels normal. The swelling is gone. The results are settling beautifully. Your retinol is sitting there on the shelf giving you a look, and you think: surely it is fine now?

It probably is. But "probably" is not good enough for your face. So here is how to do it properly.

Reintroduce active ingredients gradually, one at a time, with at least two to three days between each reintroduction. This allows you to identify any sensitivity reactions and gives the skin time to adapt.

Vitamin C (gentle formulations): Week 1 to 2. A stable, well-formulated vitamin C serum is actually one of the earliest actives you can reintroduce, because its primary function is antioxidant protection rather than exfoliation. The key is choosing a formulation that is not too acidic. The Luminesce-C is designed to deliver brightening and antioxidant benefits without the low-pH sting that some L-ascorbic acid serums can cause. Use it in the morning, under your SPF, from around day seven onwards if your skin feels comfortable.

Retinol: Week 2 to 3. This is the one everyone asks about. Retinol (vitamin A) is one of the most evidence-backed ingredients in skincare for stimulating collagen production, improving skin texture, and supporting cell turnover13Cell turnoverThe rate at which skin sheds old cells and replaces them with new ones.. A literature review published in the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology (2022) confirmed that retinol improves fine lines, wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and the appearance of photoaged skin, with a tolerability profile that makes it preferable to prescription-strength retinoids for long-term cosmetic use.

But retinol increases cell turnover, which means it can sensitise skin that is still settling after treatment. Research in the Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology (Ghassemi et al., 2016) reviewing retinoid use around facial resurfacing procedures notes that retinoids' primary action is on the upper papillary dermis14Papillary dermisThe uppermost layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis., where they increase Type I collagen production by up to 80% in photoaged15PhotoagedSkin prematurely aged by cumulative UV damage rather than time alone. skin while also causing epidermal hyperplasia16Epidermal hyperplasiaThickening of the outermost skin layer, a normal retinoid response.. That collagen-stimulating effect is exactly why you want retinol in your long-term routine. But introducing it too soon, while the skin's barrier is still recovering, can provoke irritation, flaking, redness, and sensitivity that are entirely avoidable with patience.

My recommendation: reintroduce the Retinol Youth Serum at around the two-week mark, starting every other night for the first week, then building to nightly use. If you have had more aggressive treatment (multiple syringes of filler, deep plane injections, or any treatment combined with microneedling), wait until week three.

Glycolic or salicylic acid: Week 2 to 3. Exfoliating acids can be reintroduced around the same time as retinol, but not at the same time. Do not layer glycolic acid and retinol on the same evening during the first week of reintroduction. Alternate nights until your skin has proven it can tolerate each individually. The Glycolic Cleanser is a gentle entry point for reintroducing glycolic acid because the contact time is brief (you wash it off) compared to a leave-on glycolic serum, which sits on the skin for hours.

Peptide serums and growth-factor products: These are the quiet heroes of post-injectable skincare, and they are safe to introduce from week one onwards because they support the skin's healing processes without disrupting the barrier. Products formulated with TGHA4®17TGHA4®SKIN|CYCLES' proprietary four-peptide complex for multi-mechanism skin support. (our proprietary complex) and liposomal delivery systems18Liposomal deliveryWrapping actives in lipid spheres for deeper, gentler penetration. are designed specifically to work with skin that has recently undergone treatment. The Collagen Renewal Complex and Revive Eyes both fall into this category.

Reintroduce Retinol Safely

Explore the Retinol Youth Serum

Liposomal retinol designed for efficacy with minimal barrier disruption.

The Differences Between Post-Botox and Post-Filler Care

I want to address this directly because people often assume the aftercare is identical. It is similar, but there are meaningful differences.

After Botox (and other neuromodulators19NeuromodulatorsInjectables (e.g. Botox) that relax muscles by blocking nerve signals.): The primary concern in the first four to six hours is product migration. Botox is injected into specific muscles, and you want it to stay precisely where it was placed. That means staying upright for four hours (no lying down, no bending over), not rubbing or pressing the treated area, and avoiding anything that significantly increases blood flow to the face (intense exercise, hot showers, alcohol). The skin itself typically recovers faster than after filler because the needle gauge is smaller and fewer punctures are made. You can usually reintroduce gentle actives from about day three, and resume your full routine within a week.

After dermal fillers: Filler treatments tend to cause more swelling, more bruising, and more barrier disruption because the injections are deeper, the needle or cannula gauge is larger, and more product volume is being placed. The settling period is longer (up to two weeks for the final shape to emerge), and the skin around the injection sites takes longer to fully recover. This is why I recommend a more conservative reintroduction timeline for filler clients. Hydration and barrier support are more critical here because hyaluronic acid fillers rely on a well-hydrated tissue environment to maintain their volume and smooth integration.

After microneedling or combination treatments: If your injectable session has been combined with microneedling, a peel, or any energy-based treatment, the aftercare window extends significantly. The skin has sustained a much larger area of controlled injury, and the barrier is disrupted more extensively. In these cases, keep to the Day 0 to 2 protocol for a full week, and do not reintroduce actives until week three at the earliest.

The Four Mistakes I See Most Often

Having treated thousands of clients over the years, I have developed a mental filing cabinet of the things that go wrong after treatment. The same four mistakes come up again and again, and every single one is avoidable.

Reintroducing actives too early. This is by far the most common mistake. A client has a beautiful filler result, goes home, and applies their 1% retinol that same evening because "it is part of my routine." The next morning their skin is red, flaking, and irritated. The filler has not been damaged, but the surrounding skin looks terrible, masking the improvement and causing unnecessary discomfort. Patience in the first two weeks pays dividends.

Neglecting SPF. I cannot count the number of clients who tell me they "forgot" sunscreen in the days after treatment. UV exposure does not just cause sunburn. It actively degrades the collagen your treatment is designed to support, and in the case of HA fillers, the oxidative stress from UV can accelerate the enzymatic breakdown of the hyaluronic acid itself. Your SPF is protecting your financial investment as much as your skin.

Over-treating the skin in an attempt to "help." More products do not mean faster healing. Layering five serums and two masks on top of freshly injected skin is not supporting it. It is overwhelming an already-stressed barrier. Keep your routine stripped back for the first week. Three products (cleanser, moisturiser, SPF) are enough. Everything else is a bonus, not a necessity.

Ignoring the signs that something is wrong. Mild swelling, redness, and tenderness are normal for the first 48 to 72 hours. What is not normal: increasing pain after the first day, skin that is turning white or grey (a sign of vascular compromise), spreading redness with warmth and tenderness (a sign of potential infection), or hard, persistent nodules that appear weeks later. If any of these occur, contact your practitioner immediately. Do not attempt to treat them with skincare.

Building Your Long-Term Post-Injectable Routine

Once your skin has fully recovered (typically two to three weeks post-treatment), your ongoing routine should focus on three objectives: protecting the result, maintaining skin quality, and preparing the skin for your next treatment.

Daily SPF. Every single day. This is the single most impactful thing you can do to extend the life of your filler and support the collagen your Botox is protecting. The DNA Defence Sun Shield for daily wear, the Lumina Mist for reapplication throughout the day.

Retinol at night. Consistent retinol use (three to five nights per week, depending on your tolerance) supports ongoing collagen production, improves skin texture, and creates a healthier, more resilient canvas for future treatments. The Retinol Youth Serum is formulated to deliver clinical-strength retinol in a liposomal delivery system that minimises irritation.

Hydrating serums. Keeping the skin well-hydrated between treatments supports filler longevity and overall skin quality. The 5D HA is an excellent daily serum for this purpose.

Weekly masking. A once-weekly Bio-Cellulose Mask maintains the deep hydration your skin received in the immediate post-treatment period and keeps the barrier strong.

Peptides over harsh actives. Between treatments, prioritise gentle collagen-supporting peptides over aggressive acids. The Collagen Renewal Complex and Revive Eyes deliver anti-ageing benefits without the barrier disruption that comes with high-strength chemical exfoliants. Save the more aggressive actives for the weeks when your skin has fully stabilised.

Build Your Complete Post-Treatment Routine

Browse the Full SKIN|CYCLES Collection

Every product tested in post-injectable care at Harley Street Injectables.

Why I Built SKIN|CYCLES Around This Exact Problem

I want to share something personal here, because I think it explains why I care about this topic to an almost obsessive degree.

When I founded SKIN|CYCLES, it was not some grand plan to launch a skincare empire. It started with frustration. Pure, clinical frustration. I was watching clients, week after week, spend serious money on injectable treatments at my clinic and then go home and accidentally sabotage those results with the wrong products at the wrong time. Not because they were careless. Because nobody had given them specific enough guidance.

The products we formulate at SKIN|CYCLES are designed to follow the natural lifecycle of a skin cell, from growth to shedding, and to work with the skin's needs at each phase rather than against them. But they are also designed with the post-treatment patient specifically in mind. Every cleanser, every serum, every mask, every moisturiser in the range has been tested and used in the context of post-injectable care at Harley Street Injectables, because that is where the real-world performance of a product is tested most rigorously.

When I say the Bio-Cellulose Mask is safe for day-of-treatment use, I say it because I have used it on hundreds of post-treatment faces and know exactly how the skin responds. When I say the Retinol Youth Serum can be reintroduced at week two, I say it because I have tracked that reintroduction timeline across my own client base and know where the threshold sits.

That combination of clinical injecting experience and skincare formulation is what gives this protocol its specificity. It is not advice from a skincare brand that does not do injectables, and it is not advice from an injector who does not formulate skincare. It is both, from the same person, informed by the same clinical practice.

The Bottom Line

Here is the thing nobody tells you when you book an injectable treatment: the appointment is only half the job.

Your treatment does not end when you leave the clinic. It ends when your skin has fully settled, your barrier has rebuilt, your actives have been safely reintroduced, and your ongoing routine is actively protecting and extending the results you paid for.

The difference between a client whose filler lasts ten months and one whose filler lasts sixteen months is rarely about the product or the technique. It is about what happens at home. The SPF that gets applied every morning. The retinol that never touches the skin too soon. The gentle cleanser that does not strip the barrier when it matters most. The hydrating mask that gives the skin exactly what it needs in the critical first week.

Those small decisions, made consistently, are what separate a good result from a great one.

If you would like to build a post-injectable routine tailored to your specific treatments and skin type, take our Skincare Quiz or explore the full SKIN|CYCLES range. And if you have questions about how any of our products work with a specific treatment you are planning, do not hesitate to get in touch. We are here to help.

Retinol and retinoid products can cause photosensitivity and are not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Always patch-test new actives and introduce retinoids gradually. No sunscreen provides 100% UV protection; reapply every two hours during sun exposure. Individual results from any skincare product will vary based on skin type, genetics, lifestyle and consistency of use. This article does not replace the post-treatment aftercare instructions provided by your own practitioner.

Glossary of Terms

Quick definitions for every clinical term marked in the article. Hover or tap a footnote number to see at a glance, or scroll here for the full list.

AHAs ↩︎
Alpha hydroxy acids: chemical exfoliants such as glycolic acid.
BHAs ↩︎
Beta hydroxy acids: oil-soluble exfoliants such as salicylic acid.
Cell turnover ↩︎
Rate of shedding and replacing skin cells.
Collagen ↩︎
Primary structural protein providing skin firmness.
Contact dermatitis ↩︎
Skin inflammation from contact with an irritant or allergen.
Dermis ↩︎
The thick middle skin layer containing collagen and blood vessels.
Epidermal hyperplasia ↩︎
Thickening of the outermost skin layer from retinoid use.
Hyaluronic acid ↩︎
Molecule holding up to 1,000x its weight in water.
Liposomal delivery ↩︎
Lipid-sphere delivery for deeper, gentler penetration.
MMPs ↩︎
Matrix metalloproteinases: enzymes that break down collagen.
Neuromodulators ↩︎
Injectables that relax muscles by blocking nerve signals.
Papillary dermis ↩︎
Uppermost dermal layer directly beneath the epidermis.
Peptides ↩︎
Short amino acid chains signalling collagen production.
Periorbital ↩︎
Area around the eye socket including tear trough.
Photoaged ↩︎
Skin prematurely aged by UV damage, not time.
Retinoids ↩︎
Vitamin A derivatives accelerating cell turnover.
Skin barrier ↩︎
Stratum corneum and lipid matrix shielding against irritants.
Stratum corneum ↩︎
Outermost epidermal layer forming the primary barrier.
TGHA4® ↩︎
SKIN|CYCLES' proprietary four-peptide complex.
Alice Henshaw, RN, NMP, Founder of SKIN|CYCLES and Harley Street Injectables

Alice Henshaw

RN · NMP · Founder of SKIN|CYCLES & Harley Street Injectables

Alice is the founder of SKIN|CYCLES, a cosmeceutical skincare range formulated around the proprietary TGHA4® peptide complex and sold at Harrods, Liberty and Harvey Nichols. She is also the founder and medical director of Harley Street Injectables, the largest clinic on Harley Street dedicated exclusively to non-surgical aesthetic treatments. A qualified nurse prescriber registered in the UK, Australia and New Zealand, Alice is a Key Opinion Leader for Allergan Aesthetics, was named Best Aesthetic Injector in London by the GHP Awards, and has been featured in Vogue, Tatler, Vanity Fair, and the Tatler Cosmetic Surgery Guide.

To explore the SKIN|CYCLES range, visit skincycles.com. To book a consultation at Harley Street Injectables, visit harleystreetinjectables.com or call +44(0) 3455 485 658.

Sources referenced in this article:

  1. Mukherjee, S. et al. (2006). "Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety." Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1(4), 327-348. PMC: PMC2699641. Review establishing UV-induced MMP upregulation and collagen degradation pathways, and the role of retinoids in stimulating collagen synthesis.

  2. Ghassemi, A. et al. (2016). "Retinoids: Literature Review and Suggested Algorithm for Use Prior to Facial Resurfacing Procedures." Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 9(10), 35-43. PMC: PMC5064676. Literature review confirming retinoids increase Type I collagen production by up to 80% in photoaged skin and discussing timing of retinoid use around resurfacing procedures.

  3. Farris, P. (2022). "Retinol: The Ideal Retinoid for Cosmetic Solutions." Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 21(7 Suppl), s4-10. PMID: 35816071. Supplement review confirming retinol improves fine lines, wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and photoaged skin appearance with a favourable tolerability profile compared to prescription retinoids.